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Sunday, July 8, 2018

Grammar sentence and Noun

ACHARYA ANGAD CHAUPAL RAJENDRA SARSWATI SHISHU MANDIR BIRAUL .
Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process communication mainly includes speaking , listening, and writing. Nobody actually learns grammar to learn his/ her own mother tongue. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time.
We don't study grammar of our own mother tongue to use it for daily speaking, but when we need to polish our own mother tongue, we have to study its grammar and we usually do that. When we come to learning a new language like English language, we need to study its grammar, the importance of grammar cannot be neglected and before we do that we need to understand what grammar is.
Grammar is the study of words and the ways words work together. An invisible force that guides us as we put words together into sentences. Any person who communicates using a particular language is consciously or unconsciously aware of the grammar of that language.
To speak in a clearer and more effective manner we study grammar. A person who has unconscious knowledge of grammar may be sufficient for simple language use, but the ones who wish to communicate in an artful manner and well, will seek greater depth of understanding and proficiency that the study of grammar provides


Parts of Speech
शब्दभेद



Words are classified into what we know as Parts of Speech.
शब्दों का वर्गीकरण किया जा सकता है, और इस वर्गीकरण को हम पार्ट्स ऑफ स्पीच कहते हैं|
This classification is in accordance with their usage in a sentence.
यह वर्गीकरण एक वाक्य में उनके उपयोग के अनुसार किया जाता है।
There are eight parts of speech.
पार्ट्स ऑफ स्पीच या शब्दभेद आठ हैं|
They are: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.
वो हैं नाउन, प्रोनाउन, आड्जेक्टिव, वर्ब, अड्वर्ब, प्रिपोज़िशन, कंजंक्षन और इंटरजेक्षन|
Noun: A noun is that part of speech which can identify or indicate a person, place, thing, or an idea.
नाउन/ संज्ञा: नाउन पार्ट्स ऑफ स्पीच का वह हिस्सा है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, चीज़ या विचार के ओर संकेत करता है|
Example: Harry is coming. (Harry is noun here.)
उदाहरण: हैरी आ रहा है। (हैरी यहाँ संज्ञा/नाउन  है।)
Pronoun is the word used in place of a noun.
सर्वनाम/pronoun संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त शब्द है।
Example: He is coming. (Here, he is pronoun.)
वो आ रहा है। (यहाँ, he सर्वनाम/प्रोनाउन है।)
Adjective: It is a word which describes an attribute of a noun.
यह एक शब्द है जो संज्ञा की एक विशेषता का वर्णन करता है।
Example: This is a red ball. (Here, red  is  an adjective.)
यह एक लाल गेंद है। (यहाँ लाल/red एक विशेषण है।)
Verb:  The verb signifies an action, a particular occurrence, or a state of being.
वर्ब(क्रिया) एक कार्य, एक घटना या किसी स्थिति का ध्योतक है|
Example: Jim wrote an email to her. (Here, wroteis a verb.)
जिम में उसे एक ईमेल लिखा। (यहाँ लिखा एक क्रिया/verb है|)
Adverb: Adverbs are used to add information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
अड्वर्ब(क्रिया विशेषण): अड्वर्ब का उपयोग किसी वर्ब, विशेषण या किसी और क्रिया विशेषण के बारे में सूचना जोड़ने मे होता है|
Example: Helen is very beautiful. (Here, very is an adverb.)
हेलेन बहुत सुंदर है। (यहाँ बहुत एक क्रिया विशेषण/adverb है|)
Preposition: This is a word which is used just before a ​noun, or a ​pronoun in order to ​connect it to another word.
प्रोनाउन(सम्बन्ध सूचक-अव्यय): इस शब्द का उपयोग संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम के साथ इसलिए किया जाता है ताकि ये दूसरे शब्द के साथ संबंध स्थापित कर सके|
Example: James sat beside a bush. (Here, besideis a preposition.)
जेम्स एक झाड़ी के पास बैठ गया। ( यहाँ के पास एक संबंध सूचक-अव्यय/preposition है|)
Conjunction: It is a word that connects words or sentences.
कंजंक्षन(समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय): यह शब्द वाक्यों अथवा शब्दों को जोड़ता है|
Example: Jack and Edmund are friends. (Here, and is conjunction.)
जैक और एडमंड दोस्त हैं।(यहाँ और एक समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय है|)
Interjection: This is a word that expresses emotion or sentiment.
विस्मयादिबोधक: यह एक ऐसा शब्द है जो भावना को व्यक्त करता है।
Example: Wow! what a performance. (Here, wowis interjection.)
वाह! क्या प्रदर्शन है। (यहाँ यह एक विस्मयादिबोधक है|)
Sentences and Types of Sentences
वाक्य और उनके भेद


A group of words that make sense is called a sentence.
शब्दों का एक समूह जिसे समझा जा सकता है, उसे वाक्य कहते हैं|
Sentences are basically of four types.
वाक्य मूलतः चार प्रकार के होते हैं|
These four types are declarativeinterrogativeimperative and exclamatory.
ये चार प्रकार हैं डिक्लरेटिवइनटेरगेटिवइमपेरेटिव और एक्सक्लमेटरी|
Declarative Sentence: A declarative sentence is one that states a fact.
एक डिक्लरेटिव सेंटेन्स किसी तथ्य का वर्णन करता है|
An example of a declarative sentence is: This is a big cat.
डिक्लरेटिव वाक्य का उदाहरण है: यह एक बड़ी बिल्ली है|
Interrogative Sentence: An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question.
वह वाक्य जो सवाल पूछे उसे इनटेरगेटिव वाक्य कहते हैं|
An example of interrogative sentence is: How is he?
इनटेरगेटिव वाक्य का उदाहरण है: वह कैसा है|
Imperative SentenceAn imperative sentence gives a command.
इमपेरेटिव वाक्य एक आदेश देता है।
An example of imperative sentence is: You should have some common sense.
इमपेरेटिव वाक्य का उदाहरण है: कुछ तो व्यावहारिक बुद्धि का प्रयोग करो|
Exclamatory SentenceAn exclamatory sentence conveys a strong sense of emotion.
एक्सक्लमेटरी वाक्य किसी शक्तिशाली भावना को व्यक्त करता है|
An example of exclamatory sentence is: What a beautiful dress!
एक्सक्लमेटरी वाक्य का उदाहरण है: कितना खूबसूरत वस्त्र है|

Sentence (सेंटेंस) - वाक्य

We use language to exchange messages with others. Every language provides the usage of a collection of words to communicate. Such collection of words that communicate a complete message is known as a sentences.
संदेश के आदान प्रदान के लिये भाषा का उपयोग किया जाता है. हर भाषा में बोलने अथवा लिखने के लिए शब्दों के समूहों का प्रयोग किया जाता है. ऐसे शब्दों के समूह जिनके भाव पूरे हों को हम sentence (वाक्य) कहते हैं.

In a sentence we can mention any person or object and provide a description.
Sentence द्वारा किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु का उल्लेख करते हैं और उस के सम्बन्ध में कुछ वर्णन करते हैं.

Type of Sentences - वाक्य के प्रकार

Based on the way the words are grouped and their meaning the sentences are classified into 4 sub-groups.
उपयुक्त शब्दों के समूह से जो अर्थ और भाव प्रकट होते हैं उनके आधार पर Sentences को चार वर्गों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है.

1. Declarative (डिक्लेरेटिव) या Assertive (ऐसरटिव)

This is a good book.
यह एक अच्छी किताब है.

My house is in Bilaspur.
मेरा घर बिलासपुर में है.

Sentence used to describe something or express acceptance are known as declarative or assertive sentences.
Declarative या assertive sentences उन वाक्यों को कहा जाता जो वर्णन करते या स्वीकृत करते हैं.

Sentences of this type are used to describe something or inform about its status.
इस श्रेणी के वाक्यों से किसी के बारे स्थिति की जानकारी या उसका विवरण मिलता है.

2. Interrogative (इन्टैरोगेटिव)

    What is your name?
    आप का नाम क्या है?

    Have you done your work?
    क्या आप ने अपना काम किया?

Sentence enquire about some or ask a question are known as interrogative sentences.
वह वाक्य जो प्रश्न पूछता है. कोई भी सवाल पूछने वाला वाक्य को Interrogative (इन्टैरोगेटिव) वाक्य होता है. जैसे... An interrogative sentence are also called a question. This type of sentences are used to make an enquiry.
Interrogative वाक्यों को Question (प्रश्न या सवाल) भी कहते हैं. इसका प्रयोग करने वाला कुछ जानना चाहता है.

While writing questions are ended with a question mark (?).
लिखते समय इस श्रेणी के वाक्यों के अंत में question mark (प्रश्न चिन्ह) - ? - लगाया जाता है.

3. Imperative (इन्पैरेटिव)

    Please come home before sunset.
    कृपया सूर्यास्त से पहले घर आना.

    Complete your work now.
    अपना कार्य अभी पूरा करो.

Sentence used to command or request to do something imperative sentences. Imperative वाक्य वह वाक्य है जो आज्ञा या प्रार्थना व्यक्त करे.

This type of sentence is used to tell some one to do something - it could be either a request or a command. Like...
यह वह वाक्य है जो किसी और को कोई कार्य करने के लिये कहता है - कहनेवाला आग्रह सकता या आज्ञा दे सकता. जैसे...

The first sentence shown above is an example of a request while the second is a command. In both cases the speaker is asking someone to do something.
ऊपर के उदाहरण में से एक प्रार्थना है और दूसरा आज्ञा. दोनो ही मामलों में इनके उपयोग से सामने वाले को कुछ करने को कहा गया है.

4. Exclamatory (ऐक्सक्लेमेटरी)

    Yippie! I have won!
    यिप्पी! मैं जीत गया!

    Oops! I fell!
    अर! मैं तो गिर गया!

Sentence that are spontaneous expressions of suddenly experienced emotions of happiness, sorrow etc. are known as exclamatory sentences.
वह वाक्य जो बहुत गहरी या अचानक उठीं भावनाओं को प्रकट करे उसे Exclamatory वाक्य कहते हैं.

The group of words used to express the sentiments when you suddenly receive a good or a bad news. Such sentences are refered to as Exclamatory sentences and at the time of writing are ended with an exclamation mark (!). अचनक मिली खुशी या गम की खबर के भाव को व्यक्त करें के लिये जो शब्दों का समूह उपयुक्त होता है वह Exclamatory वाक्य कहलाता है और लिखते समय इनका अंत एक्सक्लमेशन चिन्ह (!) से किया जाता है.


Subject and Predicate
विषय और विधेय

Sentences have two parts namely subject and predicate
वाक्यों के दो भाग होते हैं, सब्जेक्ट और प्रेडिकेट(विषय और विधेय)|

When making a sentence, we name a person or thing and we say something about that person or thing.
जब हम किसी वाक्य की रचना करते हैं, तो हम किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु का उल्लेख करते हैं और उस व्यक्ति या वास्तु के विषय में कुछ कहते हैं|

That part of a sentence which speaks about a person or thing is called subject.
वाक्य का वो भाग जो किसी व्यक्ति या विषय का उल्लेख करता है, उसे सब्जेक्ट कहते हैं|

That part of a sentence which speaks something about the subject is called predicate.
वाक्य का वो भाग जो सब्जेक्ट के विषय में कुछ उल्लेख करता है उसे प्रेडिकेट कहते है|

Here are a few examples and we will try to identify subject and predicate in sentences.
यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण हैं और हम वाक्यों में सब्जेक्ट और प्रेडिकेट को निर्धारित करने का प्रयत्न करेंगे|

1. Jack is a good driver.
जैक एक अच्छा ड्राइवर है।

Here, Jack is subject and is a good driver is predicate.
यहाँ Jack सब्जेक्ट है और is a good driver प्रेडिकेट है|
A simple rule to find the subject is to find the verb and then to ask who or what.
सब्जेक्ट खोजने का एक सरल विधि यह है की पहले वर्ब(क्रिया) को खोजें और फिर कौन यह क्या लगाकर सवाल पूछें|

Example: The cat ran after the mouse.
उदाहरण: बिल्ली चूहे के पीछे भागी|

In this sentence, ran is the verb.
इस वाक्य में ran वर्ब है|

Now, we ask question - Who ran after the mouse. 
अब हम सवाल पूछते हैं- चूहे के पीछे कौन भागा|

We get answer - the cat.
हमे जवाब मिलता है- बिल्ली(the cat)|

Hence, the cat is the subject of this sentence.
इसलिए the cat इस वाक्य का सब्जेक्ट है|

This also ascertains that ran after the mouse which is the remaining part of the sentence is the predicate.
इस तारह से ये भी निर्धारित होता है की वाक्य का बचा हुआ हिस्सा ran after the mouse प्रेडिकेट है|

Generally the subject comes before the predicate in a sentence.
आम तौर पर वाक्य में सब्जेक्ट प्रेडिकेट के पहले आता है|

But this is not true always.
लेकिन यह हमेशा सच नहीं है/ हमेशा लागू नहीं होता है

Let us see one example of such anomaly.
इस विसंगति का एक उदाहरण देखते हैं।

Example: Here comes John.
उदाहरण: यहाँ जॉन आता है।

Here John is subject and here comes is predicate.
यहाँ John सब्जेक्ट है और here comes प्रेडिकेट है|

Noun (नाउन) - संज्ञा

Generally, the purpose of a sentence is to provide information about or give instructions to a person, animal, place or thing.

The word or words used in the sentence that refer to the name of the person, animal, place or thing are known as Noun. It is probably the most widely used part of speech.
वाक्य का उपयोग आम तौर पर किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के बारे में जानकारी या उसे कोई निर्देश देने के लिये किया जाता है. वाक्य में प्रयुक्त होने वाले किसी भी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को Noun कहते हैं. ऐसे शब्दों को हिंदी व्याकरण में इसे संज्ञा कहते हैं.

संज्ञा की तरह उपयोग में लाये जाने वाले अधिकांश शब्दों को अलग से पहचाना जा सकता है. जैसे राम (Ram), लड़का (boy), गुलाब (gulab), घर (house) ये सभी नाउन के उदाहरण हैं.


All words used in a sentence as a name for any person, place, animal, object etc come under the classification of noun.
संज्ञा के अंतर्गत हर वह शब्द आता है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम के रूप में वाक्य मौजूद हो.

Nouns can be further sub-classified into various categories depending on the type of object they refer to.
किसी के नाम से प्रकट होने वाले विशेषता के अनुसार noun को कई प्रकार से वर्गिकृत किया जाता है. 

 

Types of nouns are...

आइये, अलग-अलग प्रकार के Noun पर एक नजर डालें.
  • Proper Noun व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा
  • Common Noun जातिवाचक संज्ञा
    • Collective Noun समूह वाचक संज्ञा
    • Abstract Noun भाव वाचक संज्ञा
    • Gender Noun लिंग वाचक संज्ञा
    • Number Noun संख्या वाचक संज्ञा
    • Case Noun कारक संज्ञा


Types of Noun (नाउन) - संज्ञा के प्रकार

Common Noun और Proper Noun

All nouns can be classified into two major groups - Common Noun and Proper Noun.
किसी भी नाउन को दो प्रमुख वर्ग (Common और Proper) में वर्गिकृत किया जा सकता है.

वह नाम जो एक वर्ग या एक प्रकार के विभिन्न व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को समान रूप से दिया जाता है common noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा) कहलाता है. Proper noun(व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा) वह नाम है जो किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान को दिया जाता है.
Common noun is a name given to every person, place, animal or thing of the same type. Proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, animal.

Let us see this example
नीचे दिये वाक्य को देखिये

Example उदाहरण:

यहां Ramesh और boy दोनो ही Noun हैं. Ramesh एक विशेष लड़के की ओर संकेत करता है और boy किसी लड़के की ओर. यह Boy कोई भी लड़का हो सकता है, जो इस बार रमेश है.
Here Ramesh and boy, both are nouns. Ramesh is the name of a particular boy.

यहाँ Ramesh proper noun है और boy आता है common noun की श्रेणी में.
Here Ramesh is proper noun while boy comes under the category of common noun.

Types of Noun (नाउन) - संज्ञा के प्रकार

Proper Nouns - व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा

Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh आते हैं proper noun की श्रेणी में. ये किसी एक वस्तु, व्यक्ति या स्थान का है सकती है.
Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh come under the category of proper noun. These are names of a particular thing, person or place.

लिखते समय, Proper Noun का पहला अक्षर हमेशा capital letter में लिखा जाता है, जैसे...
While writing, the first character of the proper noun is always written in capital letter.

Ritu, Ramesh, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Wednesday इत्यादि.

Proper Noun तो किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, जगह या वस्तु का नाम होता है और इस पर अधिक चर्चा न करते हुए आओ common noun को थोड़ा और समझने का प्रयास करते हैं.

Types of Noun (नाउन) - संज्ञा के प्रकार

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Common Noun वह नाम है जो एक वर्ग या एक प्रकार के विभिन्न व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को समान रूप से दिया जाता है. व्यक्ति या वस्तु की संख्या, प्रकार, वर्ग और लिंग के अनुसार common noun को अलग-अलग तरह से वर्गिकृत किया जा सकता है. आगे ऐसे ही कुछ वर्गिकरण के प्रकारों पर नजर डालते हैं...
Common noun is a name given to every person or thing of the same class or kind. Depending on the type of class or kind of common nouns are classified into separated categories. We shall explore these categories as we proceed further.

girl, boy, city, state सब common noun हैं. ये आम नाम हैं जो किसी उस श्रेणी के किसी भी वस्तु, व्यक्ति या स्थान का हो सकती है.
girl, boy city, state are all common nouns. These are names of a category of thing, person or place.

Common Noun के अंतर्गत आने वाले कुछ nouns को...

Collective noun,
Abstract noun,
Gender Noun,
Number Noun,
Case of Noun,

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा)

Special names have been assigned to some special group of things when they are refered to as one in a collective way, such nouns are called collective nouns.

eg. crowd, fleet

कुछ व्यक्तियों अथवा वस्तुओं का जिकर एक साथ करने के लिये विशेष नामों का प्रावधान किया गया है. समूह को दिये गये इन विशेष नामों को Collective Noun कहते हैं.

उदाहरण...


crowdcollection of peopleआदमियों का समूह (भीड़)
armycollection of soldiersसैनिकों का समूह
teamcollection of people working together for a common goal - eg. cricket team.ऐसे व्यक्तियों का समूह जो एक साजा मकसद के लिये एक साथ हों - जैसे क्रिकेट टीम.
flockcollection of birds, sheep, or goats that travel, live, or feed togetherपक्षियों, भेड़, बकरी जैसे जानवरों का झुंड जो एक साथ रहते, चरते और सफर करते हैं.
herdcollection of domestic animals like cattleगाय जैसे घरेलू जानवरों का समूह
fleetcollection of ships, vehicles of a single ownerजहाजों या एक ही माहिक के वाहनों का समूह
familycollection of people related by birth, marriage or adoptionऐसे लोगों का समूह जो आपस में जन्म, विवाह या गोद से सम्बन्द्धित हों
nationcollection of people under a single governmentएक ही शासन के अंतर्गत लोगों का समूह

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा)

Abstract noun is the word used as the name of a quality, action or state when that quality, action or state is considered as an object.
Abstract noun उस शब्द को कहते हैं जिसका उपयोग किसी गुण या स्थिति का वर्णनन एक वस्तु की तरह करते हैं.

To describe any name, place or thing we will say something like this...
किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के गुण का वर्णन करने हम ऐसा कुछ कहते हैं...
He is a good person. (वह एक अच्छा व्यक्ति है.)

if we want to describe a quality, then we need to refer to the quality as a noun, like...
अगर किसी गुण का वर्णनन करना हो तब हमें उस गुण के संज्ञा रूप वाले शब्दों की जरूरत पड़ती है. जैसे...

What is goodness? (अच्छाई क्या है?)

Good is a word used to describe that quality of a person, and goodness is the noun form of the word good.
good एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग person के गुण के बारे में जानकारी देने के लिये किया गया है और goodness (अच्छाई) उसका संज्ञा रूप है.

The noun form of any quality, action or state is known as an abstract noun.
किसी गुण, कर्म या अवस्था का उल्लेख जब किसी वस्तु की तरह करना हो तब उस गुण, कर्म या अवस्था का जो संज्ञा रूप (noun form) प्रयुक्त किया जाता है उसे Abstract Noun कहते हैं.

Below are some examples of the three types of abstract nouns.
नीचे तीनों प्रकार के abstract nouns के कुछ उदाहरण हैं.


Quality
(गुण )
goodnessअच्छाई
whitenessसफेदी
honestyइमान्दारी
braveryबहादुरी
Action
(कर्म)
pleasureप्रसन्नता
movementहरकत
judgementफैसला
State
(अवस्था)
childhoodबचपन
youthयुवावस्था
povertyगरीबी

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Gender (लिंग)

All common nouns indicate the gender of the person, animal or object.
सभी common noun वक्ति, पशु या वस्तु के लिंग की जानकारी देते हैं.

Nouns can be categorized into 4 groups based on their gender.
Gender (लिंग) के आधार पर noun को 4 वर्गों में बांटा जा सकता है...

  • Masculine Gender पुल्लिंग
    Noun used for a male.
    Male (नर) के लिये उपयुक्त होने वाले noun
  • Feminine Gender स्त्रीलिंग
    Noun used for a female.
    Female (मादा) के लिये उपयुक्त होने वाले
  • Common Gender उभयलिंग
    Nouns that represent both males and females.
    Male और Female दोनो के लिये उपयुक्त होने वाले, और
  • Neuter Gender नपुंसकलिंग
    Nouns that are use of items that do not have any gender.
    वे noun जो ऐसे वस्तुओं का बोध करते हैं जो ना ही masculine हैं और ना ही feminine हैं.

Observe the words in the following table...
निम्न शब्दों पर ध्यान करें...


s
MasculineFeminineCommon
1.boygirlchild
2.manwomanperson
3.lionlionessanimal


Each line shows first a male (masculine gender), a female (feminine gender) followed by a of the common gender equivalent in the third column.
प्रत्येक line का पहला शब्द male (नर) को दर्शाता है और दूसरा female (मादा) को. तीसरा noun दर्शाता है common gender को.

Those nouns that are used for both the genders are known as common gender, like...
जो noun दोनो gender को बताए उसे common gender कहते हैं, जैसे...


child, adult, animal student, baby

Some nouns are neither masculine nor feminine. Such nouns are categorized as neuter gender, like...
कुछ noun ऐसे भी होते हैं जो न masculine और न ही feminine होते हैं. ये neuter gender के कहलाते हैं, जैसे...



book, pencil, car, room, tree

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Number Noun - संख्या वाचक संज्ञा

A noun that indicates a single object is a singular noun
एक वस्तु की जानकारी देने वाले noun को singular (एक वचन) noun कहते हैं.

Noun indicating more than one object is recognized as a plural noun
एक से अधिक वस्तुओं की जानकारी देने वाले noun को plural (बहू-वचन) noun कहते हैं.

The form of the noun used, also provides information about the number of objects being described.
Noun के रूप से यह भी जानकारी प्राप्त हो जाती है कि वह एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु

Singular and Plural

Just like in Hindi, English language too provides for two types of number nouns.
जैसे हिंदी में होता है, अंग्रेजी में भी दो प्रकार के number nouns का प्रवधान हैं.

For example...

उदाहरण के तौर पर...

Singular (एक वचन)Plural (बहू-वचन)
boy (लड़का)औरboys (लड़के)
girl (लड़की)औरgirls (लड़कियां)
class (कक्षा)औरclasses (कक्षाएं)
ox (बैल)औरoxen (बैलें)
mouse (चुहा)औरmice (चुहे)


The noun that gives an indication of a single object is grouped as a Singular Noun, whereas, any noun that gives an indication of more than one object is grouped as a Plural Noun.
जिस संज्ञा (noun) से एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु का आभास होता है वह Singular (सिंगुलर - एक वचन) कहलाता है और एक से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं का आभास कराने वाले.

Generally it possible to identify the singular or plural nouns from the noun words themselves, but then, there are also some words, like sheepdeercod etc, that have the same form for both singular and plural uses. To identify whether these words are singular or plural, we have to analyze the sentences in which they are used.
साधारण तौर पर संज्ञा के रूप को देख कर बताया जा सकता है कि वह एक-वचन है या बहू-वचन. लेकिन कुछ संज्ञा ऐसे भी हैं (जैसे sheepdeercod आदि) जो दोनों वचनों में एक ही रूप में उपयुक्त होते हैं. इन्के singular या plural होने की पहचान करने के लिये वाक्य में उनके उपयोग का अध्ययन करना पड़ता है.

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Case कारक

Case of a noun or pronoun discusses whether the person or object in consideration is the subject of the sentence or its object.
नाउन या प्रोनाउन का केस यह बताता है कि वह व्यक्ति या वस्तु वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) की भूमिका में है या कर्म (object) की.

A third case also elaborates on the ownership of something.
एक तीसरा केस भी होता है जो वाक्य में मालिकाना सम्बन्ध की जानकारी देता है.

Depending on the use of the noun or pronoun in a sentence it can also be classified into one of the following cases...
वाक्य में अपने उपयोग के आधार पर संज्ञा को निम्नलिखित तीन में से एक केस में वर्गिकृत किया जा सकता है.

  • Nominative Case
  • Accusative Case
  • Possessive Case
When a noun or a pronoun is used as a subject of a verb, it is in the Nominative Case.
जब किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वाक्य में उपयोग कर्ता के रूप में किया जाता है तो उसे नोमिनटिव केस का दर्जा दिया जाता है.

The noun is said to be in the Accusative Case, if it is used as the object of a verb in the sentence.
जिस संज्ञा का उपयोग क्रिया के कर्म के रूप में किया गया हो उसे ऑसुसतिवे केस का होना कहा जाता है.

for Example :


Ram drove the car.इस वाक्य में Ram कर्ता की भूमिका में है और car कर्म की.
इसलिये Ram का रूप nominative case है,
और car का accusative case.
The car was driven by Ramइस वाक्य में Ram कर्म की भूमिका में हो गया और car कर्ता की.
इसलिये car का रूप nominative case है,
और Ram का accusative case.

When the noun denotes ownership or possession it said to be in the Possessive Case.
जब किसी संज्ञा के उपयोग से मालिकाना सम्बन्ध प्रतीत होता है तब उस पोस्सेस्सिव केस के रूप में होना बताया जाता है.

for Example :


This is Ram's car.इस वाक्य में car पर Ram का मालिकाना सम्बन्ध प्रतीत होता है.
इसलिये Ram's का रूप पोस्सेस्सिव केस है.

Common Nouns - जातिवाचक संज्ञा

Case कारक

Case of a noun or pronoun discusses whether the person or object in consideration is the subject of the sentence or its object.
नाउन या प्रोनाउन का केस यह बताता है कि वह व्यक्ति या वस्तु वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) की भूमिका में है या कर्म (object) की.

A third case also elaborates on the ownership of something.
एक तीसरा केस भी होता है जो वाक्य में मालिकाना सम्बन्ध की जानकारी देता है.

Depending on the use of the noun or pronoun in a sentence it can also be classified into one of the following cases...
वाक्य में अपने उपयोग के आधार पर संज्ञा को निम्नलिखित तीन में से एक केस में वर्गिकृत किया जा सकता है.

  • Nominative Case
  • Accusative Case
  • Possessive Case
When a noun or a pronoun is used as a subject of a verb, it is in the Nominative Case.
जब किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वाक्य में उपयोग कर्ता के रूप में किया जाता है तो उसे नोमिनटिव केस का दर्जा दिया जाता है.

The noun is said to be in the Accusative Case, if it is used as the object of a verb in the sentence.
जिस संज्ञा का उपयोग क्रिया के कर्म के रूप में किया गया हो उसे ऑसुसतिवे केस का होना कहा जाता है.

for Example :


Ram drove the car.इस वाक्य में Ram कर्ता की भूमिका में है और car कर्म की.
इसलिये Ram का रूप nominative case है,
और car का accusative case.
The car was driven by Ramइस वाक्य में Ram कर्म की भूमिका में हो गया और car कर्ता की.
इसलिये car का रूप nominative case है,
और Ram का accusative case.


ACHARYA ANGAD CHAUPAL RAJENDRA SARSWATI SHISHU MANDIR BIRAUL(अंगद चौपाल .


ACHARYA ANGAD CHAUPAL RAJENDRA SARSWATI SHISHU MANDIR BIRAUL 

English Jumbled Sentences Arrangement


The section deals with the questions of Jumbled paragraph and sentences and sentence and phrase arrangement of the given phrases or sentences. The student has to choose a logical sequence to make a meaningful sentence or paragraph. This form of exercise tests the student’s ability to:
  1. Figure out the logic of the events
  2. Sequence different parts of a combination according to correct grammatical usage.
In either sentence or paragraph structuring, the student has to check which part follows the other according to the logical theme of the sentence/paragraph.
  • Phrase arrangement or Jumbled Sentence.
  • Sentence arrangement or Jumbled Paragraph.
In a jumbled sentence, a sentence is broken into four parts and the student has to figure out, the right sequence to form a logical, sensible sentence.
 

Jumbled Sentences Solving Strategies

Consider then following example.

Example 1.

  • P: by her indulgent parents
  • Q: the child was so spoiled
  • R: when she did not receive all of their attention
  • S: that she pouted and became sullen
  1. RQPS
  2. QRPS
  3. QPSR
  4. QSPR
In this question, a single sentence has been broken into four different parts and the student has to find out the logical sequence of the sentence. In order to do that, consider the following.

Solving Strategy I:

Decide on the opening phrase, first. The opening part of the sentence will usually contain the subject of the sentence. To locate the subject and select that part as the first in sequence. Now, select all options in the answer that begin with part you have chosen as the first.
In example 1, the subject is the child and the opening part will be Q, thus, we can eliminate option (1). Now, since the subject is passive, the verb form will be followed by ‘by’ and the doer. So, find the second part beginning from by and containing the doer of the action which in this case is P. Thus, we can reach the right answer, option (3).

Solving Strategy II:

If the Subject is passive, mostly, the following part will begin with ‘by and contain the doer of the action in the sentence.

Example 2:

Unsurpassed power (P)/modern society (Q)/in (R)/ women enjoy (S)
  1. RQPS
  2. SRPQ
  3. SPRQ
  4. PSRQ
The subject of the sentence is women so the opening part would be S. Thus, we have to choose between options (2) and (3). The subject in this sentence is active. So, we must find the object which will be the next part. In the given question, the object is unsurpassed power. Thus, the answer is (3).

Solving Strategy III:

When the subject is active, follow the sequence- SUBJECT – VERB – OBJECT

Solving Strategy IV:

Preposition is never the last part. If a preposition is given as one of the parts match it with other part to find out what will follow the preposition.
In Example 2 ‘in’ could only be followed by Modern society to the last two parts of the sentence would be (R) and (P).

Example 3:

  • P: and was at once convinced
  • Q: he sent a few copies of the book to well known poetry
  • R: Shaw read the first few lines of the volume
  • S: and awaited their reaction
  • T: that what he was reading was real poetry
  1. RPTQS
  2. QSTPR
  3. RSPQT
  4. QPRST
Now, in the given questions there will appear two subjects ‘shaw’ in (R) and ‘he’ in (Q). But he is a pronoun, used to replace the noun, Shaw and thus, will follow the noun in the sentence

Solving Strategy V:

If there are noun and pronoun as subjects in the different parts of a sentence, the part with the noun will be the opening part. Thus in example 3, the opening part is (R), so we have to choose from Option (1) and (3).
Now, we have to figure out the last part of the sentence. Clearly, the given sentence consists of two parts, one with the subject Shaw and other with the subject ‘he’. The part with the subject ‘he’ will follow the other so, the predicate of the phrase with the subject ‘he’ will be the last part of the sentence. Thus, the last past of example III will be (S). The correct answer is (1).

Solving Strategy VI:

Predicate is the last part of the sentence.
Now, let us consider Jumbled Paragraphs.
In this type of question, a paragraph will be broken into four or more parts and the students will be asked to find out the right sequence.

Example 4:

  • P: In emission testing, the govt. fixes the total amount of pollution that is acceptable to mountain a desired level of air quality.
  • Q: Economist argue this approach makes air pollution control more cost effective than the current practice of fixing air pollution standards and expecting all companies to pollute below these standards.
  • R: US A uses emission trading to control air pollution.
  • S: It, then, distributes emission permits to all companies in the region which add up to the overall acceptable level of emission.
  1. RSQP
  2. PRQS
  3. QPSR
  4. RQPS

Solving Strategy VII:

Find the opening sentence or the concluding sentence.
In Example 4, (R) is the probable opening statement, so we have to choose between (1) and (4).

Solving Strategy VIII:

Sentences with demonstrative pronouns or word like this, that, these or then, moreover, therefore, meanwhile are not opening sentences.
In example 4 we see, Q follows R and S follow P. If (R) is the first statement then Q cannot be the last. Therefore, S is the concluding statement, so the right answer is (4).

Example 5:

  • P: In his first inaugural address he concluded with an eloquent plea: “Ask not what your country can do you – ask what you can do for your country”.
  • Q: John F Kennedy, Democratic leader in the elections of 1960 was at 43, the youngest man ever to win the presidency
  • R: On television, in a series of debates with opponent Richard Nixon, he appeared able, articulate and energetic.
  • S: In the campaign, he spoke of moving aggressively into the new decade, for “the new Frontier is here whether we seek it or not.”
  1. SPQR
  2. QRSP
  3. RPQS
  4. QPRS
Now, Q will be the opening sentence since all others contain a pronoun and Q contains a noun subject so, we have to choose between (2) & (4).
In (2) R follows Q and in (4) P follows Q but P appears to be a concluding sentence hence, (2) is the right answer.

Types of Jumbled Paragraphs

4 Sentences Paragraphs

In this the jumbled paragraph consists of 4 sentences which have to be put in correct order.

Example 6:

  • P: Even more complex life can adapt to hostile places.
  • Q: We know that a functioning ecosystem does not require sunlight or photosynthesis.
  • R: When scientists in the deep sea submarine went tooling around the mid-ocean ridges, they found hot vents covered with shrimps and countless tube worms.
  • S: In the early 1990s, researches found that the basaltic rock deep beneath Washington state contains an abundance of microbes totally cut off from the photosynthetic world.
  1. QSPR
  2. PRSQ
  3. QRPS
  4. PQSR
It is clear that (R) is an example of idea expressed in (P) and (S) is an example of an idea expressed in (Q), so, R will follow (P) and (s) will follow (Q). Thus, sequence is only part (1). Thus, it is the right answer.

Solving Strategy I:

Examples always follow the idea.

5 Sentences Paragraphs

This type of jumbled paragraph question is same as the previous one only the paragraph is divided into 5 sentences instead of 4.

Example 7:

  • P: Michal Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this very fact without approval.
  • Q: But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.
  • R: He acknowledge too infact, he returns to the point often the best translators of poetry always fail at some level.
  • S: Hofman feels passionately about his work and this is clear from his writing.
  • T: In terms of gap between worth and rewards, translators come somewhere near nurses & objects.
  1. TPRSQ
  2. TPRQS
  3. PSTQR
  4. SRTPQ
T is the introductory statement of the paragraph in example 7 so, we have a choice between (1) and (2). The rest of the pattern is same in both the options only the concluding line is different. Q will not be the concluding sentence since, it begins with a conjunction ‘but’ which follows the previous statement R. There is no possibility of the conjuction ‘but’ after (S) and hence, (S) will be the concluding statement. Thus, the right answer is (2).

Example 8:

  • P: In a number of cases, the drivers have refused to carry passengers according to the meter reading dispite its being in working condition.
  • Q: For instance, according to a complaint, the driver of an auto rickshaw not only misbehaved but also ran away with Rs. 500 from Dhaula Kuan on Dec.13
  • R: Refusal to carry commuters to their respective destination is another common complaint which has been lodged with call centres.
  • S: What have been the most shocking are the complaints about misbehaviour by the rickshaw drivers with the passengers
  • T: Similarly, another driver ran away with the luggage of the passenger on the Karol-Bagh-Pachim Vihar route.
  1. SPRQT
  2. SRQPT
  3. PRSQT
  4. PQRST
Following the strategy, Q is an example for (S) and thus, will follow it, (T) is also another example for S and thus, will follow Q. So, the sequence SQT should appear in the paragraph. Also examples are usually towards the end and not in the beginning. Thus, sequence is given only in option (c). Thus (c) is the right answer.

6 Sentences Paragraphs

In this type of jumbled paragraph question, there are six sentences. However, not all six of them are jumbled, the first and the last sentence of the paragraph are given but the included four sentences are jumbled. It is the sequence of these four sentences that the student has to find.

Example 9:

  • 1. The list of horror goes on
  • A. And one in every five is malnourished.
  • B. This is because local clinics, ill equipped to deal with even small things, ethics don’t work or simply don’t exist.
  • C. Nobody has been able to figure out a way to reduce the speed that is at the root of India’s over-population problems: a body born every second.
  • D. There is such a shortage of treatment centres that premier hospitals are chocked with patients who show up to treat their coughs and cold
  • 6. Kalyan Banerjee, a consultant at the hospital is worried
  1. DACB
  2. CDAB
  3. DBAC
  4. CADB

Solving Strategy II:

For a six sentence question try to find out a link between the first fixed given sentence and any of the four jumbled sentences, that could follow it.
In Example 9, A and B can’t follow (1) because they begin with conjunction while (1) ended without a possibility of a conjunction (3) appears to be the logical sentence following (1). (A) follows (C) and (B) follows (D). Thus, the sequence will be 1CABD6, that is the option (4).

Solving Strategy III:

If you cannot find a link between the first fixed sentence and the jumbled sentence, find a link between the last fixed sentence and a sentence from the jumbled ones that may proceed it.

Example 10:

  • 1. As an economy expands, so does the need for cash or fuel growth.
  • A. An important one is a rule insisting that any purchase of share amounting to 20% or more of the listed stock of a company has to be announced before the purchase goes ahead.
  • B. It also has computerised trading and a whole host of new regulations.
  • C. Today the exchange has an impressive new home or the city’s major business artery.
  • D. Pushed by the govt. deregulations, the Jakarata stock exchange is beginning to come of age after emerging from dormancy only 8 yrs. ago.
  • 6. Thus, new ruling plus many other improvements to protect investors have helped boost confidence in the market.
  1. DCBA
  2. ABCD
  3. CDAB
  4. DCAB
Now, we can easily see the link between the concluding fixed line 2 and A-the rule. Thus, the last part before (2) should be A. Thus, sequence is available only in option (1) which will be the right answer.
B elaborates the exchange which was already mentioned in C and therefore, must follow (C).
So, 1DCBA6 is the correct sequence.

Solving Strategy IV:

If you are unable to find links with either of the fixed sentence, use the previous strategies to find links between the jumbled sentence and check out the sequence in the given options.



English quiz

ACHARYA ANGAD CHAUPAL RAJENDRA SARSWATI SHISHU MANDIR BIRAUL . Below is the complete set of 300 MCQs, grouped by unit. Each question has f...